Dimensionality of the Mental Toughness Questionnaire (MTQ48)

Currently there is debate as to whether mental toughness a unidimensional or multidimensional construct. To investigate the dimensionality of Mental Toughness Questionnaire 48-items (MTQ48), widely used measure toughness, we examined data from sample 78,947 participants. A series exploratory structural equation models (ESEM) assessed unidimensional, multidimensional, and bifactor solutions. Overall, results supported conceptualization toughness. Bifactor analysis was consistent with use general factor score. In conclusion, authors argue that should be considered an umbrella term representing trait comprised related constructs provide psychological advantage in performance promote positive health. Finally, this article identifies limitations existing measurement proposes necessary directions future research.